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|Santomean}} |capital = São Tomé |latd=0 |latm=20 |latNS=N |longd=6 |longm=44 |longEW=E |largest_city = capital |government_type = Unitary semi-presidential republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Manuel Pinto da Costa |leader_title2 = Prime Minister |leader_name2 = Patrice Trovoada |legislature = National Assembly |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = from Portugal |established_date1 = 12 July 1975 |area_km2 = 1001 |area_sq_mi = 386 |area_rank = 184th |area_magnitude = |percent_water = Negligible |population_estimate = 190,428 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Population - CIA )〕 |population_estimate_year = 2014 |population_estimate_rank = |population_census = 192,993 |population_census_year = 2013 |population_density_km2 = 187.17 |population_density_sq_mi = 485.4 |population_density_rank = 69th |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP = $402 million〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=São Tomé and Príncipe )〕 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $2,337〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $264 million〔 |GDP_nominal_year = 2012 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $1,535〔 |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_change = |Gini = 33.9 |Gini_ref = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?order=wbapi_data_value_2002+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=asc&page=2 )〕 |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = decrease |HDI = 0.558 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 142nd |currency = Dobra |currency_code = STD |time_zone = GMT |utc_offset = +0 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +0 |drives_on = right |calling_code = +239 |iso3166code = ST |cctld = .st }} São Tomé and Príncipe ( or ; (:sɐ̃w̃ tuˈmɛ i ˈpɾĩsɨpɨ)) officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe, is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea, off the western equatorial coast of Central Africa. It consists of two archipelagos around the two main islands: São Tomé and Príncipe, located about apart and about , respectively, off the northwestern coast of Gabon. The islands were uninhabited until their discovery by Portuguese explorers in the 15th century. Gradually colonized and settled by Portugal throughout the 16th century, they collectively served as a vital commercial and trade center for the Atlantic slave trade. The rich volcanic soil and close proximity to the equator made São Tomé and Príncipe ideal for sugar cultivation, followed later by cash crops such as coffee and cocoa; the lucrative plantation economy was heavily dependent upon imported African slaves. Cycles of social unrest and economic instability throughout the 19th and 20th centuries culminated in peaceful independence in 1975. São Tomé and Príncipe has since remained one of Africa's most stable and democratic countries. With a population of 192,993 (2013 Census), São Tomé and Príncipe is the second-smallest African country after Seychelles, as well as the smallest Portuguese-speaking country. Its people are predominantly of African and ''mestiço'' descent, with most adhering to Roman Catholicism. The legacy of Portuguese rule is also visible in the country's culture, customs, and music, which fuse European and African influences. ==History== (詳細はPortuguese sometime around 1470. The islands were discovered by João de Santarém and Pêro Escobar. Portuguese navigators explored the islands and decided that they would be good locations for bases to trade with the mainland. The dates of discovery are sometimes given as 21 December (St Thomas's Day), 1471 for São Tomé, and 17 January (St Anthony's Day), 1472 for Príncipe,〔(History )〕 though other sources give different nearby years. Príncipe was initially named ''Santo Antão'' ("Saint Anthony"), changing its name in 1502 to ''Ilha do Príncipe'' ("Prince's Island"), in reference to the Prince of Portugal to whom duties on the island's sugar crop were paid. The first successful settlement of São Tomé was established in 1493 by Álvaro Caminha, who received the land as a grant from the crown. Príncipe was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement. Attracting settlers proved difficult, however, and most of the earliest inhabitants were "undesirables" sent from Portugal, mostly Jews. In time these settlers found the volcanic soil of the region suitable for agriculture, especially the growing of sugar. The cultivation of sugar was a labor-intensive process and the Portuguese began to import large numbers of slaves from the mainland. By the mid-16th century the Portuguese settlers had turned the islands into Africa's foremost exporter of sugar. São Tomé and Príncipe were taken over and administered by the Portuguese crown in 1522 and 1573, respectively. However, competition from sugar-producing colonies in the Western Hemisphere began to hurt the islands. The large slave population also proved difficult to control, with Portugal unable to invest many resources in the effort. Sugar cultivation thus declined over the next 100 years, and by the mid-17th century, the economy of São Tomé had changed. It was now primarily a transit point for ships engaged in the slave trade between the West and continental Africa. In the early 19th century, two new cash crops, coffee and cocoa, were introduced. The rich volcanic soils proved well suited to the new cash crop industry, and soon extensive plantations (known as "roças"), owned by Portuguese companies or absentee landlords, occupied almost all of the good farmland. By 1908, São Tomé had become the world's largest producer of cocoa, which remains the country's most important crop. The roças system, which gave the plantation managers a high degree of authority, led to abuses against the African farm workers. Although Portugal officially abolished slavery in 1876, the practice of forced paid labour continued. ''Scientific American'' magazine documented in words and pictures the continued use of slaves in São Tomé in its 13 March 1897 issue. In the early 20th century, an internationally publicized controversy arose over charges that Angolan contract workers were being subjected to forced labour and unsatisfactory working conditions. Sporadic labor unrest and dissatisfaction continued well into the 20th century, culminating in an outbreak of riots in 1953 in which several hundred African laborers were killed in a clash with their Portuguese rulers. This "Batepá Massacre" remains a major event in the colonial history of the islands, and its anniversary is officially observed by the government. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「São Tomé and Príncipe」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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